砖厂废气污染对橡胶树光合生理特性的影响

选取砖厂废气排放方向种植的橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）品系＂云研77-2＂为研究对象,在距离砖厂200、400、600 m处设置3个研究点,研究分析砖厂排放废气污染对橡胶树光合参数的影响。结果表明：砖厂废气排放对3个不同距离处橡胶树叶片光合参数有显著影响（P〈0.05）。随着橡胶树与砖厂距离的缩近,即污染加剧,橡胶树叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、最大光合速率（Pmax）、光饱和点（LSP）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）和叶绿素含量（Chl）均呈下降趋势;最大荧光（Fm）、可变荧光（Fv）和最大荧光比（Fv/Fm）也下降,初始荧光（Fo）升高。该研究结果证明,砖厂废气污染对橡胶树光合生理特性有显著影响：相距砖厂600 m范围内,越靠近砖厂,橡胶树叶片光合特性越低。     

轻型汽油车VOCs排放特征和排放因子台架测试研究

为研究轻型汽油车尾气中VOCs的排放特征和排放因子,按照《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法》(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段)中要求,采用底盘测功机对国内现有不同品牌轻型汽车进行台架试验,并利用3级冷阱预浓缩GC-MS方法对尾气样品中VOCs物种进行定量分析.结果表明,尾气样品中共有68种VOCs被定量检出,其中芳香烃种类最多,占38.7%,烷烃占29.8%,烯烃(包含炔烃)占27.1%.不同品牌轻型车源排放谱特征基本吻合.轻型汽车的总VOCs排放因子为0.01~0.46g/km,前3位物种分别为乙烯、甲苯和苯.     

考虑区域特点和车型差异的氢燃料电池汽车全生命周期减碳预测分析

发展氢燃料电池汽车是我国实现“双碳”战略的重要路径之一,目前我国多个区域正在推广应用包括乘用车、客车以及重卡在内的氢燃料电池汽车,如何量化研究未来不同车型和不同区域的氢燃料电池汽车减碳潜力成为如今的研究热点之一.基于全生命周期的评价方法,考虑了未来的汽车燃油经济性、电力碳排放因子、氢能碳排放因子和氢燃料电池汽车推广规模及制氢方式的区域差异,量化评价了不同类型的氢燃料电池汽车（FCV）、传统燃油汽车（ICEV）和纯电动汽车（BEV）的全生命周期碳排放量（以CO₂当量计）,对比分析了氢燃料电池汽车在不同时间及不同区域的减碳潜力,并对百公里氢耗量进行了不确定性分析.结果发现,到2025年氢燃料电池客车的全生命周期碳排放比传统燃油客车降低36.0%,而氢燃料电池重卡相较于传统燃油重卡并没有减碳效益.随着未来我国氢能来源结构的不断优化,到2035年氢燃料电池重卡的全生命周期碳排放比传统燃油重卡降低36.5%,相较于乘用车和客车两种车型,其减碳效益是最明显的.以2035年京津冀示范群为例,随着百公里氢耗量降低20%,FCV乘用车、客车和重卡的减碳规模分别增加了7.29%、9.93%和19.57%.因此建议氢燃料电池汽车推广应短期以客车为主,长期以重卡为主,乘用车推广作为补充.分区域和分阶段推广氢燃料电池汽车更有助于推进我国汽车领域的低碳化进程.     

岗位有害物质控制效率用于局部通风设施防护效果评估的探讨

工程防护是消除和控制职业病危害因素的重要方法,而职业病危害工程防护设施防护效果评估的首要任务是明确其评价指标与评估标准。针对局部通风设施防护效果评估,提出了岗位有害物质控制效率评价指标,并对比分析了职业接触限值、控制风速、有害物质捕集效率和该指标的优缺点;提出了岗位有害物质控制效率的定义、检测方法和评估标准,对该指标用于局部通风设施防护效果评价存在的问题进行了讨论,并提出了下一步的研究方向。     

复合生物法净化SVE尾气研究

鉴于目前土壤修复过程中广泛采用的气相抽提系统技术(SVE)相应尾气净化技术的缺失,为有效提高气相抽提系统技术后端尾气净化效率,提出采用复合生物法净化SVE尾气。以甲苯为目标污染物,以活性炭为主要填料,利用焦化污水处理厂的活性污泥接种挂膜研究了生物过滤反应器对模拟气体的净化性能及其影响因素(包括进气流量、停留时间、入口浓度、入口体积负荷),并将复合生物法与活性炭吸附法进行了性能比较。实验结果表明:生物过滤反应器的去除效率随进气流量的增大而降低,随气体停留时间的延长而提高,随入口浓度的增大而降低,反应器的体积去除负荷随入口体积负荷的增大而增大,这说明生物过滤反应器能有效去除甲苯废气,且去除效果优于活性炭吸附法。     

Planning for the monitoring of pollutants from non‐stationary combustion sources†

The most important constituents of traffic exhaust are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic hydrocarbons and lead. Satisfactory analytical methods are available for measuring these compounds, but the required expenditure in their application to air pollution studies is quite different. Due to correlations between the concentrations of several exhaust components in road air conclusions regarding the expected level of some substances can be drawn by measurement of another emitted compound. But the selection of indicator compounds must be made under the aspect of the source‐specific relationship of emitted substances. The temporal and spatial distribution of air pollutants in street air is affected by traffic emissions more than by meteorological conditions. “Fingerprints”; of typical organic gaseous components of traffic exhaust also were found in residential areas.     

Advanced techniques in air pollution†

Specific usage of neutron activation analysis, charged particle analysis, y photons analysis, G.C.M.S. coupling, stable isotope dilution techniques, are discussed.

Dust collected on filters, oxygenated compounds in exhaust gases from car engines, nitrogen oxides, have thus been determined.

Special calibration methods for ozone, and remote detection by Lidar Raman are also described.     

Investigating the potential for different scooter and car exhaust emissions to cause cytotoxic and (pro-)inflammatory responses to a 3D in vitro model of the human epithelial airway

The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and the (pro-)inflammatory responses of two-stroke (direct injection and carburetor technology) and four-stroke scooter and diesel car exhaust emissions on lung cells in vitro. This was analyzed by exposing a 3D in vitro model of the epithelial airway (consisting of human bronchial epithelial cells (cell line 16HBE14o^?) combined with human whole blood monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells) to physically characterized exhaust emissions. Biological endpoints of cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and inflammatory chemokine (interleukin(IL)-8) stimulation were examined. Two-stroke direct injection scooter exhaust contained the highest particle number concentration and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) concentrations and the emissions from the two-stroke carburetor scooter contained the highest hydrocarbon and lowest NO _x concentrations. The four-stroke scooter emitted the highest carbon monoxide concentration whereas the cars emitted the lowest. The combination of various technical optimizations for the two-stroke direct injection scooter (particle filter, oxidative catalyst, better oil and fuel) reduced the total emissions strongly and the TNF-α concentration significantly (p?相似文献   

The impact of gasoline emission on plants – a review

This review presents the status of knowledge about gasoline exhaust pollution and its impact biochemical and physiological characteristics of plants. Parameters on such as leaf conductance, membrane permeability, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and relative water content have been used as indicators to assess the impact of gasoline exhaust pollution on plant health. Tolerant plants such as Mangifera indica Linn. are reported showing an insignificant decrease in the percentage of chlorophyll content (3.6%) and a significant increase in the percentage of ascorbic acid (84.6%) and sensitive plants such as Cassia fistula are reported showing a significant decrease in the percentage of chlorophyll (66.4%) as well as ascorbic acid (32.9%). In the case of ornamental plants, Dracaena deremensis has been reported to show an insignificant decrease in the chlorophyll content but a significant increase in the ascorbic acid, pH and relative water content, which were found to be in tolerant category, while Dianthus caryophyllus showed sensitive characteristics. Such plants can be used as sinks and bioindicators for gasoline exhaust pollution. Though several studies reported biochemical impacts of individual or combined exhaust gases on plant species, the cumulative effect of gasoline exhaust on plant species has not been studied extensively, especially in the developing countries.     

乌鲁木齐市区机动车污染物排放特征研究

选择乌鲁木齐市125条道路调研测试得来的数据分析了乌鲁木齐市在用机动车的行驶分布的规律、污染物的排放特点和机动车道路的行驶特点。然后使用COPERT本地化模型计算CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的排放因子,并计算了2012年CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的排放量。通过估算得到2012年乌鲁木齐市机动车CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的排放量分别为94 087,17 886,25 079,1 489 t。柴油机动车对NOx、PM的排放分担比率较大,而柴油机动车的保有量的贡献比率偏低;柴油汽车的CO、NMVOC的保有量的贡献比率跟它的排放分担率相比,贡献率要大;占保有量22.3%的国Ⅰ、国Ⅰ前标准的机动车辆对机动车CO、NMVOC、NOx、PM的排放分担比率分别为50.5%、41.0%、51.5%和55.0%;占保有量64.3%的国Ⅲ、和国Ⅳ车辆对CO、NMVOC、NOx和PM的贡献率分别为35.2%、42.7%、35.6%和33.9%。